什么是UML(Technology Computer English)

The Unified Model ing Language (UML) i s a st andard way to
specify, construct, and document systems that use obj ect-orient ed code
such as Java, C++ or IDL. As with any language, the UML has it s own
not ation and syntax. It s notation compri ses a set of special ized shapes
for constructing different kinds of software diagrams . Each shape has a
parti cular meaning, and the UML syntax di ctates how the shapes can
be combined.
Al though many major object-oriented analysis and design methods
influenced the development of the UML, it is derived primari ly
from three notations: Booch OOD (Obj ect-Ori ented Design), Rumbaugh
OMT (Object Modeling Technique), and Jacobson OOSE (Object-Oriented
Software Engineering).
In 1997, the Object Management Group (OMG) made the UML a
st andard modeling language for object -orient ed appl icat ions. T he
OMG includes more than 800 software vendors, developers, and users
who seek a common archit ectural framework for obj ect -oriented
programming.
The entire UML specification and UML usage guidelines are availabl
e for viewing and download from the OMG at http://www.omg.org/
uml/.
Types of UML diagrams
Each UML diagram is des igned to l et developers and cus tomers
vi ew a software syst em from a different perspect ive and in varying
degrees of abs tract ion. UML diagrams commonly creat ed in vi sual
modeling tools such as GDPro include:
l Us e Cas e Diagram displ ays the relationship among actors and

 Unified Modeling Language (UML) 是使用面向对象代码
规定、构造和文档系统的一种标准方式，类似J a v a 、C ＋＋或
I D L 的标准语言。和其它语言一样。UML 拥有自己的符号和语
法。它的符号包括一套用于制作不同类型软件图表的专有图
形，每一个图形都有特定的含义，U M L 语法负责规定如何将这
些图形结合起来。
虽然很多主流的面向对象分析和设计方法曾经影响过
U M L 的发展，但是它主要是向三个符号系统方向发展的：
Booch OOD (Object-oriented Design), Rumbaugh OMG (Object
Modeling Technique), 还有Jacobson OOSE (Object-Oriented
Software Engineering)。
在1997 年，对象管理组织 (OMG) 规定UML 为面对对象
应用程序的标准建模语言。OMG 包括8 0 0 多名软件销售商、开
发人员和软件用户，他们一直都在寻求面向对象编程的通用结
构框架。
全部UML 技术要求和UML 使用指导可以在OMG 的网站
http://www.omg.org/uml/ 进行阅览和下载。
U M L 图类型
每一种U M L 图的设计宗旨都是让开发人员和软件用户在
不同层次和抽象层面上浏览软件系统。UML 一般都是用GDPro
等可视化建模工具生成的，它们包括：
l案例图：表示参与者和案例之间的关系。

l Class Diagram models class structure and contents using design
elements such as cl asses, packages and objects. It also displays relat ionships
such as containment , inheritance, associations and others.
l State Diagram displays the s equences of states that an object
of an interaction goes through during i ts life in respons e to received
stimuli, together with its responses and actions.
l Sequence Di agram displ ays the time sequence of the objects
parti cipating in the interact ion. T his consi sts of the vert ical dimension
(time) and horizont al dimens ion (different objects ).
l Collaboration Diagram displays an interaction organized around
the obj ects and their l inks to one another. Numbers are us ed to show
the sequence of mes sages.
l Activity Diagram displ ays a special s tate diagram where most
of the states are action states and most of the t rans itions are triggered
by completion of the actions in the source states. T his diagram focuses
on flows driven by internal processing.
l Component Di agram displ ays the high l evel packaged structure
of the code its elf. Dependencies among components are shown,
including source code component s, binary code components, and executable
components. Some components exis t at compile time, at l ink
time, at run times well as at more than one time.
l Deployment Di agram displays the configuration of run-time
processing elements and the software components, proces ses , and objects
that l ive on them. Software component instances represent runtime
manifestations of code unit s.

l类图：使用类、程序包和对象等设计元素对线程结构和
内容进行组模。它还显示如：包含、继承、所属等关系。
l状态图：显示某个交互作用中的对象在其活动周期内从
收到响应到作出反应的一系列状态的顺序。
l顺序图：显示对象参与交互作用的时间顺序。这包括纵
向维度（时间）和水平维度（不同对象）。
l协作图：显示组织在对象周围的交互作用以及这些对象
彼此之间的联系。在这个图表中用数字表示信息的顺序。
l活动图： 显示特殊状态图，在此类状态图中大部分状
态和过度都由状态源的行动所引发。这种图表集中表现由内部
过程驱动的流程。
l成分图：显示代码的高级组装结构。在这里我们可以看
到组件之间的相依关系，其中包括源代码组件、二进制代码组
件和可执行组件。有些组件同时存在于编辑时、连接时和运行
期间，可以多次出现。
l展开图：实时显示运行过程中处理的元素的配置，以及
依靠它们存在的软件组件、过程、对象，软件组件范例表示着
实时运行中的代码单