Java Catch Multiple Exceptions, Rethrow Exception

Before Java 7, we used to catch multiple exceptions one by one as shown below.

catch (IOException ex) {
     logger.error(ex);
     throw new MyException(ex.getMessage());
catch (SQLException ex) {
     logger.error(ex);
     throw new MyException(ex.getMessage());
}

In Java 7, we can catch both these exceptions in a single catch block as:

catch(IOException | SQLException ex){
     logger.error(ex);
     throw new MyException(ex.getMessage());
}

If a catch block handles multiple exceptions, you can separate them using a pipe (|) and in this case, exception parameter (ex) is final, so you can’t change it. The byte code generated by this feature is smaller and reduce code redundancy.

Java rethrow exception

Another improvement is done in Compiler analysis of rethrown exceptions. Java rethrow exception allows you to specify more specific exception types in the throws clause of a method declaration. Let’s see this with a small example:

package com.journaldev.util;

public class Java7MultipleExceptions {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		try{
			rethrow("abc");
		}catch(FirstException | SecondException | ThirdException e){
			//below assignment will throw compile time exception since e is final
			//e = new Exception();
			System.out.println(e.getMessage());
		}
	}

	static void rethrow(String s) throws FirstException, SecondException,
			ThirdException {
		try {
			if (s.equals("First"))
				throw new FirstException("First");
			else if (s.equals("Second"))
				throw new SecondException("Second");
			else
				throw new ThirdException("Third");
		} catch (Exception e) {
			//below assignment disables the improved rethrow exception type checking feature of Java 7
			// e=new ThirdException();
			throw e;
		}
	}

	static class FirstException extends Exception {

		public FirstException(String msg) {
			super(msg);
		}
	}

	static class SecondException extends Exception {

		public SecondException(String msg) {
			super(msg);
		}
	}

	static class ThirdException extends Exception {

		public ThirdException(String msg) {
			super(msg);
		}
	}

}

As you can see that in rethrow method, catch block is catching Exception but it’s not part of throws clause. Java 7 compiler analyze the complete try block to check what types of exceptions are thrown and then rethrown from the catch block. Note that this analysis is disabled if you change the catch block argument. Further Reading: Exception Handling in Java.